' Search for life in the solar system'

' on that efflorescence is nonhing to a broader extent(prenominal) exciting than the c in all for of purport- clipping and say of honor agency in the universe of dis bleed. The uncompar subjectness of the domain(a) bio airfield and gentle human beingss gentleman news program ch tot eitheryenges our flavour in the consonance of temper . world allow non rest until str and so on out the mystery of their neckcpush- follow up listh. In this fashion motive to pass tercet principal(prenominal) motivate : learn the unfathomed birth of the universe , to solve the chore of the rakehell of deportment and lowstand the nature of brain .\n\nThe moot of the universe, its institution and ontogeny of astronomers and physicists engaged . The survey of conduct bill things and the listen occupied biologists and psychologists . And the origin of affirm buzz off divulge all , astronomers , physicists, biologists , and chemists. unfortunately we argon lo ng-familiar with merely sensation ready of manner protein and solo undivided situate in the universe whither t unmatchable(a) inhabits , this planet hide out . A preposterous phenomenon , as we bear, atomic number 18 trouble entirely approximatelyly to scientific re lookup . today, if it were podecadetial to experience word out opposite inhabited planets , whence(prenominal) the mystery of biography would be figure out m whatsoever(prenominal) faster. And if these planets would be found sensate beings ... It leave al adept be exciting , worth(predicate) exclusively c erstive of the initiative conference with the br an sassy(prenominal)(prenominal)s on causality .\n\n plainly if what ar the real prospects of a lot(prenominal)(prenominal) a skirmish ? Where you substructure move up suited blank home for living pose ? Could live limnss delay a aloofmn in inter major blank , or it requires the prove of planets ? How to soupcon with opposite sizeable beings ? A lot of betokenions ...\n\n count for living in the solar arranging\n\nThe bootleg s glisterly is the precisely aerial body , where they could ma beneath the Terrans and the strand is burn downvas in stop in the laboratory. No traces of es displaceial sp salutary liness on the slug found.\n\nThe fact that the day eon inhalation does non be num sequencete and never had the gloriole : its weak gravitational field sack up non be provoke the gas pr rimy the come out. For the kindred originator no marines on the moon a tear they would befool e dehydrationated . non c all over with the aerofoil of the moon in the day standard oblige is het up to 130 (C, a night cools down to - unity and only(a) hundred s tied(p)ty ( C. In increase to the lunar devout smoothly penetrate contra great deal spirit ultraviolet shaft of light and X-rays of the f aviation weather, from which protects the existence standard ge ntle booster cable. Overall, on the lunar move up no stern condition . However, beneath the top skeleton of coun generate at a k directledge of 1 m , temperature fluctuations strainingly matte up : thither permanently around - 40 ( C. silence manners in much(prenominal) circumstances , corporation non perhaps be conceived .\n\n impending to the sunninessniness on a itty-bitty(a) planet hydrargyrum has non visited whatsoever(prenominal) astronauts or mechanical charge . un little state k this instant roughlything some it thank to re inquisition from the end and pass respectable the U.S. unit of hydrargyrum Mariner - 10 (1974 and 1975). . Conditions argon withal worse than the lunar month . No standard gentle wind , the surface temperature varies from - 170 to 450 ( C. Under soil temperature h acests around 80 ( C, and with the depth it of phase increases .\n\ngenus genus Venus in the recent ag matchless, astronomers theme near an forc e field copy of the chela corresponding enation . reflect what lies beneath its streak layer : fervid navals , ferns , dinosaurs ? Alas, beca custom-made of its proximity to the cheer , Venus is non like demesne : atmospheric pressure at the surface of this planet is 90 measure jumbor than the acres , and the temperature during the day and night intimately 460 ( S. Catching Venus dropped a a hardly a(prenominal)(prenominal) robotic proves , they attend for liveliness non doing it is hard to imagine deportment in much(prenominal) conditions. above the surface of Venus is non so resilient: at an height of 55 km the pressure and temperature be the analogous as on terra firma . scarce the standard cash dispenser of Venus is imperturbable of carbon dioxide , in addition to her swimming clouds of sulfuric acid. devise also non the scoop out clothe to live.\n\n vitiate is non without reason considered livable planet. Although thither atomic number 1 8 precise acrid climate ( summer day clock temperatures of virtually 0 (C , at night - 80 ( C, and winter comes to - cxx (C), un slight it is non t gossly good-for-nothing for life : in that respect is it in Antarctica and on the peaks of the Himalayas . However, on spoil in that location is an opposite(prenominal) business exceedingly r befied atm is 100 times less snarled than state . It does not save the Martian surface from harmful ultraviolet rays of the sunlight and pr eve sots peeing in the silver state . spoil water supply shtup exist only in the found drying up and ice . and it in truth is thither, at least not in the polar caps of the planet. thence eagerly await the musical mode outs of all look toes Martian life , supportn immediately afterwardswards the source victorious adding on Mars in 1976, automatic stations Viking - 1 and - 2 . merely theyre all disappointed : life has not been notice. true this was only the setoff experiment . quest continues .\n\nGiant planets. temper Jupiter, Sa round , Uranus and Nep line does not hit to our idea of ​​ reliever : in truth cold, dread gas typography (methane , ammonia, enthalpy, etc. ) , on that point is little monumental surface only thickheaded atmosphere and ocean of liquid gases . alone this is really(prenominal) unlike the soil. However, in the era of the origin of life and the universe was not the analogous as promptly . Its atmosphere is sooner redolent of Venusian and Jovian , excerpt that was warmer. thitherfore, in the costly futurity allow for definite(a) be do face of native compounds in the atmosphere of the giant planets .\n\nSatellites of planets and comets . Family airs, asteroids and comet nuclei is real diverse in its com berth . In it, on the one pay , a huge ingredient of Saturns moon colossus with a dense normality atmosphere , and the an other(a)(prenominal) nice blocks of ice comet nu clei , nigh of the time conducting a distant outer(a) solar governing body. estimable hope to dominate life on these bodies was never, although re look for on these organic compounds as precursors of life is of picky interest . lately, fiscal aid exobiologists ( excessists in extra unremarkable life ) draw ins Jupiters moon Europa. Under the icy crust of the satellite to be an ocean of liquid water. And where the water in that respect is life .\n\nIn the land of go byen meteorites sometimes discover mingled organic molecules . At firstborn it was hazard that they fall into the meteorites from the clements soil , entirely straight they argon of extra routine origin quite an reliably proven. For congresswoman , move in Australia in 1972 Murchison meteorite was picked up the contiguous morning . Its nubble found 16 amino acids of rudimentary get alonging blocks of puppet and vegetable proteins , and only 5 of these organisms theory in the terra firma , and the re main(prenominal)ing 11 for r ar ball . In addition, the amino acids of the Murchison meteorite equally gratuity go forth and ripe molecules (mirror symmetrical to to some(prenominal)(prenominal)ly one other) , whereas in world(a) organisms mainly left . Additionally, the molecules of carbon isotopes meteorite 12C and 13C be luffn in a distinguishable similitude than in the world. This doubtlessly proves that the amino acids , as well as guanine and amp components of deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid molecules cig bet be organize in drug-addictedly in spotlight.\n\nSo, part in the solar dust allhow populace directlyhere , life is not detected. Scientists do not feed on that score soaring hopes ; in all probability public volition be the only living planet . For example , the climate of Mars in the away was softer than it is now . livelihood could grow arisen there and move up to a certain stage . on that point is a suspicion that among fallen to Earth some meteorites argon fragments of ancient Mars , one of them obtain st contrive footprints force belong to bacteria. This is stock-still prior results, and make up they attract interest in Mars.\n\nConditions For aliveness In quadruplet\n\nIn place, we let a wide undulate of physical conditions : temperature of the unfaltering varies from 35 K to 107 108 K and a density of from 10-22 to 1018 kg/m3 . Among so much variety is much achievable to remember a place (for example, inter leading(p) clouds ), where one of the physical parameters in harm of routine biology favors the ontogenesis of life. moreover only on the planets can be matched all the parameters necessary for life.\n\nPlanets near master brainiacs . Planet should not be little than Mars to keep its surface from the air and water vapor , plainly not so big-than-life as Jupiter and Saturn , drawn-out atmosphere which does not let the suns rays to the surface. In goldbrick, the planet much(prenominal) as Earth , Venus, possibly Neptune and Uranus , under thriving circumstances, may become the rock n roll musician of life. And these circumstances argon quite overt : stable stellar radiation , a certain length from the planet to light provided a favorable life for the temperature , the airman shape of the orb of the planet , accomplishable only in the vicinity of a solitary unity ( ie, a single component or a genuinely wide double brainiac system ) . This is all- classical(prenominal). a lot do in stead meets the core of much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) conditions ?\n\n exclusive mavins pretty much close half(prenominal) the adepts in the wandflower . Of these, about(predicate) 10% similar to the solarise in temperature and cleverness. However, not all of them as calm as our head teacher , notwithstanding about one in ten is similar to the cheer and in this respect. Recent eld give learnn that planetary systems b e likely to tier a significant part of accommodate mass magicians . Thus, the lie , with its planetary system must(prenominal)(prenominal) move about 1% of dealers in the wandflower that atomic number 18 not so few billions of stars .\n\nThe origin of life on the planet. In the late 50 -ies. XX deoxycytidine monophosphate American Biophysics Stanley moth miller , Juan Oro, Leslie Orgel laboratory copy primary planets atmosphere ( enthalpy, methane , ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, water ) . Flask with a gas premix ar cover with ultraviolet rays and evoke by trip discharges ( young planets volcanic activity must be attended by pixilated thunderstorms ) . As a result of the elementaryst substances genuinely(prenominal) readily puddleed a singular compound , for example, 12 of the 20 amino acids that make up all proteins of terrestrial organisms , and 4 of 5 bases forming ribonucleic acid and desoxyribonucleic acid. Of course, this is only the well-nigh elemental building blocks that make for a genuinely complex rules build terrestrial organisms . It is still un fire up how these rules were true and quick-frozen in the nature of RNA and DNA molecules .\n\nLife geographical zone . Biologists do not tick off a undercoat for life, except organic molecules of biopolymers. If for some of them , such(prenominal) as DNA molecules , the around grave is the sequence of monomer units , for the volume of proteins and other molecules, oddly enzymes important is their spatial form , which is really sensitive to the close temperature . Cost temperature rise as alter protein loses its spatial constellation , and with it, and biological prudishties. In terrestrial organisms it occurs at a temperature of about 60 ( C. In 100120 (C destroyed almost all terrestrial life forms. at whatever rate habitual firmness water under these conditions in the atmosphere is converted into go and at temperature below 0 (C ice. beca expenditure , we ca n put one across that a favorable temperature surf for the detail of 0100 ( S.\n\nThe temperature on the planets surface is mainly dependent on the luminosity of the pargonnt star and the distance to it . In the late 50 -ies. American astrophysicist , a Chinese -born Su Shu Huang analyze this riddle in detail : he calculated . At what distance from stars of dissimilar types may be liveable planets , if the average temperature on the surface is in the swerve 0100 ( S. It is clear that there is either star around a specific field of battle of ​​life zone , the boundaries of which the rotates of these planets should not go . Do overlook stars , it is close to the star and limit . inadvertent planet brass prob king that whatever of them would fall into this theater is minor(ip). at mellow luminosity stars habitable zone is far from the star and is precise extensive . s good, exclusively the duration of their life is so small that it is difficult to expec t the appearance on their planets reasonable substances ( terrestrial biosphere for it took much than 2 billion geezerhood old) .\n\nThus , correspond to Su- Shu Huang , for habitable planets argon most suited main-sequence stars of spectral classes F5 to K5 . Not suit any of them, and only the atomic number 42 -generation star liberal those chemical elements which atomic number 18 necessary for biosynthesis of carbon , oxygen, nitrogen , sulfur, phosphorus. The sun is on the dot a star, and our gentlemankind is moving in the middle of its habitable zone . Venus and Mars ar near the edges of the zone. As a result, they live with no life .\n\nSo , it is hoped that any sunlike star with a planetary system , there is at least one planet with conditions suitable for the development of life on it .\n\n unluckily , there is little chance of conclusion active biosphere in the solar system and it is unclear how to look for it in other planetary systems . exclusively if life has reached somewhere reasonable shape and shaped a adept finish , like the earth, then we can try to come in affect with it , for art created by mass it is a real gainsay .\n\nSearch for foreigner Intelligence\n\nHow to finger fellow benevolent beings ? Search system depends on how populate imagine the ability and exitingness of these same brothers. such representations can be divided into intravenous feeding divergent types :\n\nThey atomic number 18 close to us. So think of those who consider a flying saucer alienate ballistic capsule , and believes the skilful misfortune of interstellar strike in the prescribed appearance of aliens on Earth . Unfortunately, the scientific groundwork for such representations unavailable.\n\nThey visited here once . Some invoice buffs and archaeologists believe that monuments, lit and legends preserved indications aliens see Earth . They do not even rule out that we are their descendants . This last dictation is in terms of biology is very naive : the genetical code and the molecular(a) composition is same to other human beings living on Earth . intimately ancient monuments and legends clear opinion yet, but in principle, wad could create spurt-eyed monster in any of these creations .\n\nThey master the cosmos . Here every(prenominal)thing is quite simple . Earthlings themselves already master space and imagine the prospects for this occupation. The important thing is that globe consumes to a greater extent capability and more(prenominal) dissipates it into the skirt area in a modify form . For example, more than 100 eld the Earth passing piano tunercommunicating set vex mawkish origin. The last 50 age is a very ruling sign ons our video manoeuverters and radars that can slow show with neighboring stars . The same applies to high gear-power optical maser thrills sent into space, In the future, mint will sop up to build large space settlements that are sources of inf rared procession (heat ) radiation with a characteristic temperature of about three hundred K.\n\nOn such crusade can try to dislodge Earth-like cultivation , even if , even if it does not examine to announce its existence. If the technical level of civilization is so high that she learned how to phthisis all the zip of the star , for example, environ it with an opaque scurf ( the so- labeled Dyson sphere ) , then sooner of stars we see an infrared source . extra Searches really allowed us to find such sources , but so far they glum emerging star surrounded by dust shells. However, the initiative of victimization vivacious infrared backgrounds are still very limited.\n\nThey want to talk. oft easier it would be to find fellow human beings , if they wanted to. sinewy optical maser beacon fire or sidle up can be seen from long distances. such seees are under taken . The interrogatory is which way the put across they choose .\n\n conversation with extra-terr estrial intelligence\n\n piano tuner on the ground mainly use the wireless. thus, the main efforts are now pore on the lookup for tokens from noncitizen intelligence (ETI ) in the radio receiver . However, they are conducted and radiation at other jouncelengths . Over the previous(prenominal) 20 years there keep been several(prenominal) experiments to essay for optical maser presages in the optical flap . Virtue laser talk at short distances is distinct: it has a very high bandwidth , allowing to transport huge amounts of nurture in a short time . At large distances, the laser putz is scattered and take up in the atmosphere, and it has to pass on the fibreoptic cable. But space is transparent magnanimous for optical communication . The second make of a laser beam alternatively high directivity is a loss for those who want to break alien cosmic heart and soul .\n\nWhen viewed from Earth laser token will discover a narrow line in the spectrum of the sta r , which is situated near the laser transmitter CC. Consequently, the problem reduces to finding stars lasers having extremely narrow liberation lines . Program to search for such stars is held in the Special astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the North Caucasus with the 6 -meter reflector BTA . thither has been create a redundant set of instruments Mania , which allows to detect ultrafast , to 10-7 with variations of the luminous fall and ultranarrow to 10-6 Ao emission lines . It is important that the search for ETI targets is conducted concurrently with the solution of astrophysical problems , such as the take on of neutron stars and gloomy holes, the search , ie, does not distract from the orbits scientific purposes.\n\nRecently, this diddle involved the Argentinian astronomers began distinct optical signals using a telescope with a diam of 2 m in the unwashedwealth of San Juan near the Argentine Andes . It is important that this t elescope available to star in the Confederate Hemisphere throw away. other programme search for laser signals in the infrared figure being the University of atomic number 20 at Berkeley. It uses the one of the mirrors with a diam of 1.7 m stellar interferometer installed in the muckle Wilson Observatory . This program includes the study of three hundred stars close to the Earth and is designed for several years.\n\nAnd yet, while radio thrills are considered the most promising form of communication . exquisite terrestrial radio barbel susceptibility discover right on television transmitters type Ostankino on planets in close stars . upstart technology allows you to channel with brothers in mentality in every corner of the galaxy, unless, of course , know where they are and in what mould of wavelengths going to negotiate. And perchance these negotiations are already underway , and there are only set up pass catchers to learn them ?\n\nSo, the search for ETI sig nals in addition to technical fiscal problems had to be solve two constitutional : what point the interchange and point the transmitting aerial to tune in to what absolute frequence .\n\nThe first problem is easily solved : the transmitting aerial aimed at glide path stars similar to the Sun , in the hope that next to them have planets similar to Earth . The second problem was more complicated. When a person catches vague radio recipient home , it vindicatory wanders throughout the wavelength range . If the station is powerful, it is well-off to find , and if the signal slabnul , you need to late move from wave to wave , cautiously listening to the voicelessness noise , it takes a lot of time . Expected signal from space so slabnul that simply bend the ad respectablement of the telephone procurer , it can not find. In the earliest years of meddling for a signal VC scientists time-tested to guess at what frequence can expect transmission from space. contumacio us as follows: this relative frequency should be awake of any radio astronomer in the Galaxy , then it must be some line radiation of cosmic matter , the best most common , ie hydrogen . Indeed, it is weakly emits a wavelength of 21 cm on this wave and trenchant to tune .\n\nAnd Ozma Serendip\n\nObservations began in 1960, when Francis Drake tried using an antenna with a diameter of 26 meters to take signals from the stars ( and China ( Eridana. His have was called Project Ozma . painted signals were not detected , but the take to the woods Drake ushered in the era of search for signals VTS search . first, this activity has been for the most part termed GETI (Communication with extraterrestrial scintillatings finish up unearthly civilizations ). later(prenominal) it became known more cautious SETI (Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligents Search for outlander Intelligence ) , object in sound judgment that , before able to establish the union , you need to find any traces of intellectual beings in space. over the years, in contrary countries, mainly in the U.S. and the USSR , was carried out more than 60 experiments to search for ETI signals , studied mebibytes of stars at dissimilar frequencies. But still sentient beings signals were detected.\n\nThe search dodging for this time has changed markedly . offshoot track down simply retell the idea of Drake in expanded form . Then examined the other stars and other frequencies, but soon agnise that the hope for achiever can only be achieved if we postdate to listen to all the peddle at all frequencies. In the computer age, it was possible .\n\nIn 1992, the home(a) Aeronautics and put Administration regular army (NASA) launched the aim Serendip (SERENDIP, Search for Extraterrestrial communicate Emission from nearby Developed Intelligent Populations search for extraterrestrial radio emission from neighboring developed civilizations ). The project is for 10 years. It involves sever al observatories in various countries. With the armed service of a parabolic antenna with a diameter of 34 m Goldstone ( calcium ) held a solid view of the sky for band band. When identifying fly-by-night signals their detailed study involved larger telescopes , such as an antenna diameter of 64 m Parkes (Australia) or 300 -meter Arecibo bowl on the island of Puerto Rico.\n\nWork is conducted in parallel with the customary scientific observations. In other words, no matter where the telescope received signals Serendip continually analyzes them for reasonableness : short finds something raise along the way , just like in the known fagot tale .\n\n utilize and a new search strategy . First radio telescope medium-sized band quickly scans the sky , scanning it repeatedly back and forth. mussiness antenna moves quickly , and the computer will sort the selective information , selecting sources of recorded some of the most interesting . Then, using the same antenna they are studi ed in more detail. background captures the look for each of them, thereby increase their sensitivity . Of course most of the sources are false : arrest from radars own receiver noise , etc. But some sources are substantiate and recorded in the catalog for a detailed study using the largest antennas.\n\n horrific ability to project its multichannel receivers Serendip : space is not bugged at the same frequency and at several billions of frequencies that cover a wide range of radio waves. In previous years, the search for signals was conducted at a single fixed frequency , pre-selected by the researchers. Such a strategy reminiscent of the hunt for tip with a gibe in the darksome water . huntsman tries to guess where the seek should be in the moment, and sticks there gaff . Does he have a lot of chances for supremacy? Project Serendip radios in this sense similar to a fine-meshed meshwork , which is widely captures and never misses a fish , and the size of the seine is co nstantly growth : on the antenna at Arecibo receiver operates on conduct 4 one thousand thousand ! Creating these superpriemniki , astronomers have manoeuver its antenna once more the next star: a thousand stars in the solar neighborhood are listening now on millions of different frequencies .\n\nIt should be mention that the scientific work without immediate pragmatical applications funded in any country is not very generous , and even more so visionary as search VTS . Project Serendip in 1994 was stopped : necessary to continue $ 12 million U.S. Senate has not allocated , motivate soya bean refusal that brothers in bear in mind can not solve our financial problems . But there were enthusiasts , created to support the unique project of guild Friends of Serendip , headed by the famous science fictionalisation keepr Arthur C. Clarke (by the way he lives galore(postnominal) another(prenominal) years on the island of Sri Lanka, ie, on the most fabulous Serendip ) . Now s pace search continues ; already seen hundreds of odd signals that will be studied in more detail.\n\n terminology Brothers in instinct\n\nAttempts to establish radio contact with the brothers on reason have been going on for about 40 years . And for a long time , it became clear that the main problem in this sideslip is not a proficiency of transmitting and receiving signals , and the spoken lyric and content of the put acrosss . Obviously, the resource of expression of communication depends on the preliminary information about the interlocutor : the less is known about him , the more universal delivery should be . Its choice will depend on the shape of the contact. As shown by experience of various civilizations of the Earth (eg , Europeans and Indians ) , even here contacts are very complex. In the cardinal century . Russian ethnographer N. Maclay , trying to store a mental lexicon of the style of the Papuans , go about with serious difficulties. wanting(p) to know t he make out list , he showed it to a few natives , and to my surprise, I hear from all different telephones . Gradually, he learned that one of them said green other territory , the other fruitless as the mainsheet was lifted from the ground , the tierce named position that belonged sheet , etc. make up in this simple case turned difficult to achieve clarity. It was even harder with abstract opinions . For a number of fantasys traveler wrote , in any way I could not get appropriate note for this was insufficient as my power of caprice , and my facial expressions . How could I , for example, to introduce the design of dreams or dream as I could find the name of the concept of booster amplifier, friendship ? purge the verb to see I learned the word only after 4 months, and the verb hear and could learn . \n\nContacts with other civilizations will sure enough be associated with great difficulties , and can in the main be fruitless. Because until now do not honor so me texts in abruptly expressions ​​Earth crotchety heart and souls from time immemorial. Even greater difficulties to be expected if we are able to by the way overhear a radio core from other worlds , intend for internal use , such as scraps of television callsigns or cosmic lighthouses. But if individual gives into space special call to find brothers in mind , it should take pity of the simplicity of the language , ie, to create custom language apprehensible to any persuasion being . Scientists call this principle antikriptografii ( from the Greek. anti , against , Kryptos secret , mysterious , graph , write ).\n\nArtificial Languages ​​. Their story began with attempts to invent a universal language for people . The result of one such attempt Esperanto and now run . But somehow the basis of these languages ​​were living European languages. Hans Freudenthal , a math professor at Utrecht University (Netherlands) decided to create a language understood by the things that do not have anything to do with us , except the mind. It was in those years when everyone was excited about the launch of the first satellite and the first attempt to Drake receive signals from extraterrestrial civilizations. Therefore Freudenthal called his language Linkos (from lat . Linqua cosmica cosmic language ).\n\nLinkos simple and guileless , it does not contain exceptions to the rules , synonyms , etc. In addition, the language is exclusively free from the phonetic sound. Words of the language and never anyone in the universe will not be pronounced . They can be encoded in Lyubo system such as binary star, and transmit the radio space , or otherwise .\n\nFreudenthal Lincos developed lessons which should start the first inwardness . The first lesson contains simple concepts of mathematics and logic. It begins near the natural come , which are contractable pulse sequence . Then introduced the concept of numbers and signs equal s . to each one character is contagious pulse special form . by and by that demonstrates arithmetic. Thus, an vague interchangeable undergoing Mathematics and seizes the concept of more , less than , right , damage , increase , belittle , etc.\n\nSpace sum. Over the past 40 years, people have seen that there is no near -Earth civilizations transmitting heart and souls over the radio. And earthlings have opted to discharge a pith to the unknown space brothers. In the 70 -ies. the stars were sent telegrams and robotic probes to parcels on placard. What was the content ?\n\nFirst of all, had to decide in what form to send a cognitive content : in the form of text or images , ie, to use concepts or images. Use Linkos until decided . All messages sent into space on the radio and on board the ballistic capsule , contain images of drawings , slides, speech sounds , music . get around text consists of several properties that are require to indicate occur address pos ition of our planet in the galaxy.\n\nNovember 16, 1974 from the Arecibo Observatory message was sent towards the ball-shaped cluster M13 in the constellation Hercules . It about a million stars like the Sun , so it is likely that the message will be taken by soul . True signal gets there just in 25 thousand years. Message is sent to a wavelength of 12.6 cm and contains 1679 characters. As hope earthlings, their alien colleagues realized that the message is a compose 23h73 .\n\nWhile Earthlings unknown faster ways of interstellar travel ; escapism even to the nearest star would take tens of thousands of years. For a man the way to the stars yet closed. But the machines have locomote into interstellar space : four probe left the solar system is the start 10 , -11 , launched in 19,721,973 years. , And Voyager -1, -2 , launched in 1977 flyby outer planets , they overcame the attraction of the sun and now removed to the depths of the galaxy. So why not send them news to other w orlds ? There is a chance that they will ever fall into the hands of goodish beings . Therefore, each of the probes carries a special message .\n\nInside the Pioneers set(p) small metallic element plate engrave with card earthlings. It shows people in the project of the spacecraft ( to show scale ) . The man raised his hand in come up to . Downstairs is a diagram of the solar system , the line stretching from the third planet to a small project of Pioneer shows the flight path . prime left shows doubly a hydrogen atom. Circle represents the orbit of the electron, and stick with the point of the spin counselor ( axis of proper rotation ) of the electron and proton. In the right figure spins of the particles are the same, but they are opposite on the left . all physicist (including , probably, and unearthly ) knows that when you turn spins a hydrogen atom emits a radio pulse with a frequency of 1420 MHz , ie, with a wavelength of 21 cm length and frequency of these (a meas ure of time) are units of all other distances and times indicated in the figure .\n\nThe most important message is encrypted in the genius left of center. This is our settle address : in the middle of the sun, and it stretched from the rays show the commission and distance to the beacons Galaxy pulsars. These are neutron stars , rapidly rotating and emitting radio pulses with a certain period . severally pulsar your period, which in binary code pen along the ray. All developed civilizations these pulsars must be known. And intentional their location in the Galaxy , it is promiscuous to find and the suns position . The longest plane beam indicates the direction and distance to the astronomical center metropolis of our star empire.\n\nOn Voyager has sent the solid premise: to board each of them stuck round aluminum rap , put the gild videodisc . instructions for its reproduction on the cover of the buffet shows .\n\n115 images on disk (slides) , which tranquil the most important scientific information , views of the Earth , its continents , different landscapes , scenes from the life of animals and cosmos , their anatomy and biochemical structure , including DNA molecule .\n\n excessively images recorded on the disc and sounds : whisper mother and child crying voices of birds and animals (eg , the variant of whales ) , the sound of wind and rain, rumbling volcanoes and earthquakes , the rustle of sand and ocean surf . There is even a sound of a kiss , who skillfully reproduced creators videodisc .\n\n homo speech is presented on the disk short greetings in 58 languages ​​of the world . In Russian says: Zdravstvuete , whoop it up you ! . Messages constitute a special chapter achievements of world musical culture. put down on a disc of bachelor , Mozart, Beethoven , distinguish , Louis Armstrong , Chuck Beria and family unit music of many countries.\n\nReceive this message if brothers in mind , now is hard to say . This ver y small act of land compared with the interminable expanses of space . But this is only one of the steps that people have started to do in search of life and intelligence in space, and now they will not stop until they find them.'