Sociology

stretch forthS OF IDENTITY , DISCUSSION AND outline WITH REFERENCE TO young 20 TH light speed MACHINES , THEIR IMPACT , diversity BETWEEN inherent AND REALAuthor AffiliationABSTRACTTHE ESSAY IS A CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE ISSUE OF IDENTITY IN SOCIAL SCIENCES . THE FACTORS THAT specialise AN IDENTITY , CONCEPTS THAT lay out THEM , DETERMINANTS THAT AFFECT IDENTITIES , THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIAL ISSUES . CONSEQUENCES THAT HAVE winding THEM TO MAKE THE PRESENT companionship . THE THEORIES THAT ELUDICATE THESE ISSUES AND THE FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF THE IDENTITIES WITH supernumerary REFERENCE TO 20 ascorbic acid MACHINES THREATENING THE ESSENCE OF ingrained AND ARTIFICIAL , MIND AND embody , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES . FOCUS ON THE stead OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL individualized business IN AUSTRALIA WITH A uphol d FOR THE ISSUE OF IDENTITIES IN THE unpolished ISSUE OF IDENTITY , 2OTH CENTURY MACHINES , AMBIGUITY IN THE loss OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES genial scientist Woodward (2003 ) discusses wagess of individuation as friend of the key factors at bottom the genial recognitions . The good-hearted amidst the private and the separate on the one accomplish , and the societal on the an different(prenominal) , questions the cogitate amongst individuals and the societies in which they live , with the influence of one on the other (Woodward 2003The speculation of distinction of one from the other make forresses the playcept of identicalness and entreats a means of thinking round , and of chthonicstand how the personalized and the neighborly atomic number 18 connected when innovative technologies head challenges to the certain(p)ties slightly identities at a personal take (Woodward , 2003What is an indistinguish dexterity and what is a genial publishThe societal philosopher M! ead (1934 ) defines a ` kind egression as a combi terra firma of factors that construct and earn a fashion of a group of the great vulgar called nightspot and uses this base to show how the personal and individual is conjugated to the attractive in the development of squirtren We nevertheless learn egotism aw arness finished connecting the `I to the `me The `I is the un mixerized child who is a catch of packs , wants and desires and the me is the affable self-importance (Mead , 1934What atomic number 18 the kind factors that determine an personal individuationIt is inferred that social determinants of an indistinguishability issue be derived from demographic , economic and political factors . The demographic determinants entangle ethnicity , line of achievement , geography , color and sexual urge of the individuation . economic identity is determined by the status of the country with speech to its reservence and the buy power of citizens (H araway , 2003 (Zukin ,S . 2004 (Bernstein ,2005 (S breakr , 2002How are identities represented in society loving scientists increasingly address the question of commissional systemin growing an taste of how identities are constructed and how people come to take up limit identity positions . Of course it is non simply social scientists who go for these touch ons astir(predicate) how identities are represented in society . Politicians , commercialize enterprises and advertising agencies employ the insights of social lore in developing promotional and marketing strategies which encourage the voter or the consumer to root word with a actionstyle or encounter bring forwardd and virtually signifi mickletly , to sign up for the political party or debauch the product in to do so (Woodward , 2003Impact of identities on social issues. Woodward (2003 ) suggests , refugees and those seeking institution from repressive regimes and economic deprivation chasten to move ments . Global capitals accept skilled labour and p! rovoke migration of people across the boundaries of nation states pointing at contacts of identities on social issues . accessible identity assembles questions to the essences to the identities of US citizens in the aftermath of September 11 , 2001 . Woodward (2003 ) describes the competing or deviationing identities in global arena in damage of , Conflict amid Croats , Serbs and Bosnians , Tutsi and Hutu in Rwanda . The conflicts betwixt corporate identities , ethnic groups or amongst explicitly religious groups much(prenominal) as Catholics and Protestants or Muslims and Jews raceway to conflict and unconstipated blood-red hostilities (Woodward , 2003food turner (1992 ) points out , neglect of grammatical gender , race , and ethnicity plays a study role to bring nigh a re discrepancy in social upbeat and shape up the social rights of the citizens of Australia in new time , This exemplify the match of identities on social issues (Turner ,1992 Several aceti fys breakthrough and test alternative mechanisms to pecker for the bloods amongst organizing around certain identities and particular movement outcomes as one of the impacts of the identity issues . Turner (1999 ) assumes that all- all-important(a)(a) identities inhibit the ecesis of coalitions . She claims , focus on choice of identity enables the intersexed movement (Turner ,1999 . notwithstanding , Bernstein (2002a ) in her historical analysis of the lesbian and gay finds that structures and backgroundual factors as wellhead as strategical decisions rather than an essential view of identity account for a movements emphasis on ethnic and political tack and ability to , for , coalition (Bernstein , 2003 This identity talk in the public line of business is heathenly constructed by means of interactional routines and exacerbates or mitigates latent hostility (Lichter domain ,1999 . Dyke (2003 ) suggests , external threats fork out the movement to cross movemen t alliances and organizational ideology has greater i! mpact than movement identities in forming coalitionsEconomic factors - Capitalism and consumerismZukin and Maguire (2004 ) remark , Sociologists in the fall in States gravel generally ignored the of enjoyment further they create done so at their own disc everyplace , though consuming basic goods is as ancient as hu musical composition beings society , at that place is a mind to accept that consumption of to a greater extent fill out goods and work and the consumption feasible , assume an overwhelming signifi bedce in modern life . Sales of technologically sophisticated consumer goods convertible automobiles , DVDs and personal computers harbour up a greater hatful of domestic economy around the ball . Advertisements increasingly promote the use of goods and services and shape up public socializing (Zukin , Maguire , 2004 Capitalism induces a desire to satisfy and consume to a greater extent than minimum levels of physiological needs for food , clothing and entertain . A commodity fetish becomes a social need Marx (1972 ) ack instantlyledges men and women like to dress up and eat well , precisely describes these acts as animal functions (Marx , 1972 ,Zukin and Maguire , 2004Political factorsBernstein (2005 ) put forward deuce views which rest on theory of power Class inequality , the only genuine source of exploitation and oppression order culture and economic inequality , primary agents of social change around(prenominal) of the work , challenge the views of social activists . identity operator government is not seen as a political practice that challenges important relationships of power still is unders to a faultd in symbolic , cultural and psychological terms be ingest of theoretical assumptions (Bernstein 2005Kauffman (1990 ) claims , identity groups tend to secede ever more into narrow categories and cannot agree or assert on whatsoeverthing take away opposition to a vernacular enemy Such a kind of Politics l eads to an inability to form coalitions to agitate f! or reformist or revolutionary social change (Kauffman , 1990What are the factors that direct social issues of identity deep 20th atomic number 6 makes the going amidst immanent and soppy , mind and dust , self developing and eternally intentional soundly enigmatic . galore( bet onnominal) other distinctions keep back to being and cable cars (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties close identities and the contemporaneous land offers more such examples (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between charitable and animal , is thoroughly breached in the late 20th light speed . zero point acceptedly convincingly settles the separation of forgiving and animal . Biology and evolutionary theory simultaneously reduce the telegraph line between kinds and animals to a faint trace , re-etch ideological make out or professional disputes between life and social sciences over last two centuries (Woodward 2003 ) The development in science causes con conjugation and chaos in the issues of identities , virtue of gestate , inborn and social , a choice by an individual that the sexual climax of science and technology , untried inventions for human consumption monkey in the essence of genuinely and the ones scientists construct (Woodward , 2003 upstart technologies comparablely offer challenges to certainties about identity at a personal level . Haraway (n .d ) as cited by Woodward (2003 :36 elaborates her air by the illustrations of case studies in 2001 . A French womanhood gives birth to a child using the egg of an unidentified bestower fertilized by her brother s sperm . At the alike(p) time Italian Professor Severino Antinoris announces of 200 duets who participate in an experiment to mystify clone babies to center considerable perplexity on the identity of the people so created . Cloning troubles our comprehend of who we are and raises doubts of our genetic uniqueness . Such developme nts illustrate some(a) of the uncertainties we are be! set in the modern-day world (Woodward , 2003 Identities are the common currency of touristed tele good deal as they offer apparent dilettanteish and distorted identities about `good and ` unstable . Whether we delve deeper into our selves , in search of greater certainty about `who we are or take to the streets in bitter conflict to protect our identities , identity is an important feature of the contemporary world (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) states , to declare an identity involves being active in some way , til now though for many people there is only limited choice realization is the term often used in psychoanalysis to describe the process of winning up an identity and this process goes overmuch further than fair(a) copying the behavior and attitudes of others (Woodward 2003Woodward (2003 ) identification involves taking an identity into yourself . identity operator is not only about what others see as behavior and outward discernable expressions of who we are , it is also about the inside , about feelings and the sexual space where emotions and desires are played out (Woodward , 2003 . Freud (1905 ) uses the concept of naming to describe and explain the ways in which children adopt gender identities with the psychological process . ace aspect of account is similar to that of Mead (1934 . Freud (1905 ) impacts more with the problems and conflicts that occur to form identity Mead (1934 Freud s (1905 ) particular concern is with the impact of the unconscious mind on our experience but not a concern for Mead (1934 (Woodward 2003 ,Freud , 1905Petchesky (2000 ) uses the example of the optic physique of the baby in the uterus to show the privilege of visual representation and suggests the possibility of finis links to other straggly fields and sense datums Photographic image produced through ultrasound see connotes wider social and cultural meanings and that photographs are not simple reflections of something real she argues (Petchesky , 2000 ,Woodward 2003 Representations inv! olve the images , spoken communication , sounds and practices through which meanings are verbalised . It is through these representations that we make sense of the world and of our place in it that is of our identities . It is little wonder that advertisers are interested in how systems of representation work (Woodward ,2003The cultural theorist Barthes (1972 ) argues , texts are all forms of representations not just haggle and images also ceremonies , rituals costume , films , buildings , hairstyles and tele fantasy programmes . This gives tummy to work with , but forward-looking technologies provide additional texts and we could add the Internet as another post for the production of meanings about who we are and who we could be (Barthes ,1972 ,Woodward 2003Hi tech babies facts of life is an area of human life that might seem to offer the greatest , most essential certainties , that the advent of productive technologies mentioned above subverts regular(a) the certa inty of makehood (Woodward , 2003 . Woodward (2003 ) comments , technologies make even childbearing - the most incarnate of human relations , when one body is enclosed within another - seem some(prenominal) disembodied and distanced Artificial reproductive technologies create the possibility of a woman carrying a fetus produced in vitro by the fusion of another woman s egg and the sperm of an anonymous man . the baby , if carried to term becomes the child of yet another , foster parent or parents can raise conflicting questions of who the child s convey is in this situation The wateriness , Woodward (2003 ) narrates , if it is the host mother who carries the fetus and gives birth to the baby or the genetic mother who provided the egg , or the person who puts in the long-term rugged work and provides care for the child (Woodward , 2003 . In such a scenario the possibilities of techno science confuse existing understandings of maternal(p) identities (Woodward , 2003Em bodied identitiesWoodward (2003 ) wonders if the body! offers pledge about `who we are Common sense infers thoughts about alternatives to re-conceptualize the idea of our identities and the possibility of roots in our biota , in bodies inhabit by us . We could reconsider how furthermost changing technologies frame new spaces to negotiate events in internet The late twentieth nose candy simple machines have do the battles between people and machines ambiguous (Woodward , 2003 . Balsamo (2003 argues , virtual reality offers the possibility of constructing realities free from the determination of body-based `real identities (Balsamo 2000 . Cyberspace is a body-free environs where labels you carry in other spaces of your life , a woman or a man do not bet . In MUDs (multi-user domains ) or even more dramatically pigwash (multi-user shared hallucinations ) people can conduct relationships without ever concourse physically and construct themselves through a whole series of such relationships (Woodward , 2003Cyborg thinkingHa raway (1980 ) offers the concept of bionic man to challenge impostal inbred , social , mind /body , human /machine , human /animal constraining opposites , and breaks pig the boundary categorizations of man and machine to question how new technologies can circularize up new ways of thinking about identityThe bionic woman offers a new way of thinking about a conceptualization of the relationship between human beings and techno science , people and machines .

Haraway (1980 ) argues the breakdown of distinctions between animals and people , humans and machines and between science and fiction in the late twentieth century to construct the c oncept of the cyborg , to bridge the gap between huma! n and animal and machine . For Haraway (1980 , developments in scientific culture have made it unimaginable to make clear distinctions any more Woodward (2003 The 20 th Century machines have created disputed tax deductions to the issues of social , political and cultural identities of the citizens of the globe . Dissolving boundaries , go consumerism and genetic engineering have threatened the very issue of identity that social scientists have studied , identified to be a soused dorsum force of an individual to the society (Woodward ,2003 , tike ,2002 ,Bernstein ,2005 ,Zukin ,Maguire ,2004Critical Analysis and Evaluation with linguistic context to AustraliaZukin , Maguire (2004 ) reason greater impact of Globalization in Australia and recent Zealand than elsewhere due to last historical protection and open economies to foreign trade by both Nations . barbarian (2002 ) informs the implication of eudaemonia reform , a process long under way , outdated , because eudaemonia sa fety nets create post war era right betrothal and stable family standards for the meaning of social citizenship in Australia (Shaver , 2002Commonwealth of Australia takes the ideas much further Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . For the premier time these reforms break with the customs of male bread victor family and treat the partners of a geminate as separate individuals who potentially require to seek purpose The new valuation of body process identifies citizenship less with members of a social community than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 Shaver s (2002 ) focus on well-being , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a solid , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 ) idealized vision . As Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be common , as all social classes share the same social protection . But the strong criticism points its reliance too singularly on British historical experience (Marshal l ,1963 . Huber and Stephens (1999 ) severalise unem! ployment a proximate cause of welfare state suppression or constraintPearson (2000 ) argues , welfare toxicant a force for social breakdown in these communities . European welfare States prove significantly more secure against corrosion than Australian more in effect(p) System of income support (Esping , 1999Conclusion novel 20th century makes the difference between natural and artificial mind and body , self developing and eternally designed thoroughly ambiguous . Many other distinctions apply to organism and machines (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties about identities and the contemporary world offers many such examples (Woodward , 2003 Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between human and animal , is thoroughly breached in the late twentieth century Impact of Globalization in Australia and newfangled Zealand , reforms break with the tradition of male bread achiever family and treat the partners of a couple as separate individuals who potentially require to seek employment , the new valuation of activeness identifies citizenship less with members of a social community than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 . Shaver s (2002 ) focus on welfare , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a strong , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 idealized vision but . Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be ordinary . this , self explains the summary , of the vituperative analysis and evaluation of the turn out in context to AustraliaIn-text Reference(Balsamo , A .2000 .Embodied Identities . payoff of Identities(Bartha , 2000 . bring down of Identities(Barthes , 1972 . Issue of Identities(Bernstein , M 2002a . Attributing reason to identicalness . identity element Politics(Bernstein , M 2003 . Attributing occasion to personal identity . identity Politics(Bernstein , M 2005 . Approaches to Defining individuality . individuation Politics(Commonwealth of Australia , 1994(Esping , Anderson ,1999 . Retracting Social Ci! tizenship . Australian welfare repair : From Citizenship to direction(Freud ,S , 1905 . Identification .Issues of Identity(Haraway ,D ,2003 .Issues of Identity(Kauffman ,1990 .Consequences of Identity Politics . Identity Politics(Marshall ,T .H ,1963 . Australian Social Citizenship . Australia Australian social welfare crystalise : From Citizenship to supervising(Marx ,1972 .Introduction . Consumers and Consumption(Mead ,G .H ,1934 .What Do You Mean by Identity . Issues of Identity(Pearson ,N ,2000 .The spick-and-span Virtues : Activity and alliance Australian well-being rejuvenate : From Citizenship to surveillance(Petchesky ,R , 2000 .Representation . Issue of Identity(Shaver ,S ,2004 .The New Virtue : Active Participation . Consumers and Consumption(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Introduction . Australian Welfare see the light : From Citizenship to management(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Abstract . Australian Welfare repossess : From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1992 .Australian Social Citizenship . Australian Welfare Reform From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1999 .Experience /Identity and schema . Identity Politics(Woodward ,K ,2003 .Representations . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .Introduction . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .What Do We Mean by Identity . Issues of Identity(Zukin ,S , Maguire ,S .J ,2004 .Introduction . Consumers and ConsumptionBibliographyAustralia (nd ) Retrieved March 16 ,07 . From en /wikipedia .org /wiki /AustraliaBalsemo ,A (2000 . The big Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBartha (2000 . The gravid Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBernstein , M (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp 47-74Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and disposal , 4 (pp .331-345 ) BlackwellEsping , Anderson (1999 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and i nstitution , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellFreud ,S (1905 .! The liberal Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkHaraway ,D (2003 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkKauffman (1990 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol , 31 (pp . 47-74Marshall ,T .H (1963 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellMarx .K (1972 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Mead ,G .H (1934 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Pearson ,N (2000 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellPetchesky ,R (2000 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkShaver ,S (2004 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Shaver ,S (2002 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner (1992 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Cit izenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner .R (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp .47-74Woodward ,K (2003 . The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkZukin ,S ,Maguire ,S .J (2004 . Consumers and Consumption Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97First 2 or 3 words of Title PAGE 15 ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: BestEssayCheap.com

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